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01 // The record

The Ledger

How to read itThe tableTwo patternsAdd an entry

Every advance in science, mathematics and technology that AI caused or helped to cause, from 1965 to this week. Each entry says what the machine did, what the people did, and how sure anyone can be.

Live from data/ledger.json Updated 2026-10-14 Every entry source-checked · still growing
  • 341milestones on the record
  • 27checked line by line by a proof checker
  • 31contested, and labelled as such

01//The wall

After the Prime Radiant’s pearl walls

Every advance, by field and by date.

One row per field, time running left to right; each mark is one entry. Point at a mark, tap it, or Tab in and use the arrow keys to read its full entry.

The wall // 341 of 341 milestones

?

Each mark sits at the date its result became public. With every year shown, 1965–2015 is squeezed into the shaded band so the crowded last decade has room. The zoom buttons and the year filter set the same range.

What counts, and which date
    Encyclopedia // 332 of 341Highest significance

    Mathematics · analytic number theory

    OpenAI model's Lean proof: zeta has no zeros with real part above 7/8

    · announced

    AI OriginatorFormally verifiedSignificance 5/5

    What the AI did: AI produced the result itself; people checked it.

    A manuscript in OpenAI's 6 October release, dated 30 September, claims every Dirichlet L-function, the Riemann zeta function included, has no zeros with real part above 7/8, the 'quasi-Riemann hypothesis'. Its Lean proof of the zeta and Dirichlet statements was independently rebuilt with no errors. Contributors' agents have since posted claimed refinements to about 0.87486.

    Before → after

    Zero-free half-plane Re s > θ for the Riemann zeta function

    Beforenone known (only regions shrinking toward Re s = 1)
    Afterθ = 7/8 (Lean-checked); about 0.87486 claimed

    Why it matters

    No zero-free half-plane for zeta of any width was known; one gives a power-saving error term when counting primes. It is not the Riemann hypothesis, which needs 1/2.

    AI systems
    • Unreleased OpenAI internal model
    • Contributors' AI agents (refinements)
    People and organisations
    • OpenAI
    • Big O Speedrun (tracking)

    Caveats

    Not peer-reviewed. OpenAI says its zeta work did not follow its standard procedure and a companion write-up was human-edited. The Hecke L-function part uses custom Lean definitions and was not independently rebuilt; the refinements are unchecked. Hector Pasten told Scientific American some see it as progress toward Riemann, others not.

    Sources

    1. OpenAI, The Quasi-Riemann Hypothesis: A Zero-Free Half-Plane Re s > 7/8 (openai/math @ adc7f12)github.com
    2. tomoto0, independent verification of the 7/8 Lean proofgithub.com
    3. Big O Speedrun, Quasi-Riemann hypothesis boardbigospeedrun.com
    • Dial AI as instrument, collaborator, originator
      ?

      The cyan slice is the machine’s share of the work, the gold the people’s: a quarter when AI was a tool, half when it proposed key ideas, three quarters when it produced the result itself.

      What did the AI do?
    • Height, size significance, 1–5 (editorial)
      ?

      Taller stems and bigger heads mark results that changed their field more. Significance is our editorial judgement, from 1 to 5, and is labelled as such.

      What counts as an advance
    • Stem reviewed or better · preprint · claimed
      ?

      A solid stem means the result has been checked beyond its authors’ word: by reviewers, by daily use, by an independent replication or by a proof checker. Dashed is a preprint; dotted is a claim.

      How sure is it?
    • × contested
      ?

      A credible person or group has disputed the result in public. The entry stays, marked ×, and quotes the dispute.

      Contested
    • Red hairline founding members’ work, or Aska’s
      ?

      Work by Foundation0’s founding members, or work Aska Digital contributed to. Each such entry says exactly who did what.

      The red hairline
    How to read: time runs left to right; when every year is shown, 1965–2015 is squeezed into the shaded band so the crowded last decade has room. Rows are fields. Dimmed marks are outside your filters. The zoom buttons and the year filter set the same range. Source: data/ledger.json · 341 milestones, updated 2026-10-14
    00//How to read it Six things to know before you read the record

    Every entry is one record in a public file, ledger.json, and follows the same schema: a list of the parts each entry must have, and what each may hold.

    0.1

    What counts as an advance

    A result that became public and that someone else can check: a proof, a method measured against the best one before it, a discovery, or a system put into daily use. It enters only if AI did part of the work, and only with a source anyone can open.

    Each entry gives the date the result became public and says how: a journal paper, a preprint, an announcement, a competition or a deployment. Significance, from 1 to 5, is our editorial judgement of how much it changed its field, and is labelled as such.

    0.2

    What did the AI do?

    The dial on each mark is the machine’s share in cyan, the people’s in gold. It never fills completely: people still check the result.

    0.3

    How sure is it?

    1. Formally verifieda proof checker, a program such as Lean, has checked every step27
    2. Replicatedsomeone outside the team confirmed it independently13
    3. Peer reviewedexperts checked it for a journal or a conference206
    4. Deployedin daily use, where failure would show31
    5. Preprintwritten up in full and public, not yet reviewed44
    6. Claimedannounced; the evidence is not yet public or not yet checked20

    The glyph counts rungs, one to five: claimed 1, preprint 2, peer reviewed or deployed 3, independently replicated 4, formally verified 5. A claim is never shown as verified.

    0.4

    Contested

    A credible person or group has disputed the result in public: how strong it is, whether it is new, whether the comparison was fair, or who deserves the credit. We keep the entry, mark it with ×, and quote the dispute in a note.

    31 entries are contested. Many others carry a caveat that is not a dispute, such as “no human referee yet”.

    0.5

    The red hairline

    In Asimov’s Second Foundation the Prime Radiant shows Seldon’s equations in black on pearl-white walls; every red mark is a later contribution. Here a red hairline marks Foundation0’s own: work by its founding members, or work Aska Digital contributed to.

    Each such entry says exactly who did what. There are 6; the “Members’ work” filter shows only them.

    02//The table

    Same filters · same record

    The same record, as a table you can sort.

    Click a column heading to sort by it, and a title to open its entry on the wall. Download exactly what you see, or the whole file.

    341 milestones, newest first

    JSON, all
    Ledger milestones
    Exact fold carries a loose ball-and-rod crystal into the densest packing(members’ work)discrete geometry; rigidity theory; sphere packingMathematicsCollaboratorPreprintMathematicsCollaboratorPreprint2
    Open AI-assisted notes raise a van der Waerden constant from 1/100000 to 1/9(members’ work)combinatorics / Ramsey theoryMathematicsCollaboratorClaimedMathematicsCollaboratorClaimed2
    Lean-checked proof lifts the exact Fourier transform speed-up to δ = 0.00123(members’ work)algorithms / algebraic complexityMathematicsCollaboratorVerifiedMathematicsCollaboratorVerified2
    On-the-spot AI eye screening doubles specialist follow-up in Tanzania trialophthalmology, global healthMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    Agent-driven entrants push Lean-verified 3SUM to n^1.962 and APSP to n^2.99556algorithms / fine-grained complexityComputingCollaboratorVerifiedComputingCollaboratorVerified2
    AI-assisted search finds a 106-gate AES S-box circuit (AND/XOR/XNOR model)circuit minimization (cryptography)ComputingCollaboratorVerifiedComputingCollaboratorVerified2
    AI-assisted search shrinks the AES-field multiplier from 117 to 112 gatescircuit minimization (binary-field arithmetic)ComputingCollaboratorVerifiedComputingCollaboratorVerified2
    Claimed proof: the GF(2) Möbius transform needs fewer XORs than Yates' 1937 recipe(members’ work)circuit complexityComputingCollaboratorClaimedComputingCollaboratorClaimed2
    TESS search built with Claude Code finds hundreds of faint planet candidates(members’ work)exoplanetsAstronomyCollaboratorClaimedAstronomyCollaboratorClaimed2
    Humans and AI agents sharpen the AI-claimed integer multiplication exponent(members’ work)algorithms / computational complexityMathematicsCollaboratorPreprintMathematicsCollaboratorPreprint2
    Machine-written proof that ω ≤ 9/4 passes independent Lean checksalgorithms / algebraic complexityMathematicsOriginatorVerifiedMathematicsOriginatorVerified4
    OpenAI releases 722 machine-written mathematics manuscripts(contested)multiple fieldsMathematicsOriginatorPreprintMathematicsOriginatorPreprint4
    OpenAI model's Lean proof: zeta has no zeros with real part above 7/8analytic number theoryMathematicsOriginatorVerifiedMathematicsOriginatorVerified5
    Claude-found algorithm refutes the 3SUM and APSP hypothesesalgorithms / fine-grained complexityComputingOriginatorVerifiedComputingOriginatorVerified5
    Physicist and Claude report 36 manuscripts in 18 fields in three monthshuman-AI research collaborationSci. of scienceCollaboratorClaimedSci. of scienceCollaboratorClaimed2
    LLM workflow re-runs 4,452 economics papers, speeding up 496 by over 10xreproducibilitySci. of scienceOriginatorPreprintSci. of scienceOriginatorPreprint3
    Claude computes a nine-loop six-gluon amplitude, one loop past the recordtheoretical particle physics (scattering amplitudes)PhysicsOriginatorClaimedPhysicsOriginatorClaimed3
    AI-guided lab finds iridium-free catalysts for acidic water splittingelectrocatalysisChemistryCollaboratorPreprintChemistryCollaboratorPreprint2
    Google's diabetic eye-screening AI passes one million patients screenedophthalmology, global healthMedicineInstrumentDeployedMedicineInstrumentDeployed2
    AI spots oesophageal cancer on routine non-contrast chest CT scansoncology, cancer screeningMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    AI assistance raises detection of fetal brain malformations on ultrasoundobstetrics, prenatal imagingMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed2
    OpenAI claims Lean-checked forced blow-up for Navier–Stokes, a Clay problem(contested)PDE / fluid dynamicsMathematicsOriginatorPreprintMathematicsOriginatorPreprint4
    AI-assisted, Lean-checked proofs show forced 3D Euler flows can blow upPDE / fluid dynamicsMathematicsCollaboratorVerifiedMathematicsCollaboratorVerified3
    Neural-network search finds a candidate stable blow-up for unforced 3D EulerPDE / fluid dynamicsMathematicsInstrumentPreprintMathematicsInstrumentPreprint2
    Claude agents produce first complete Lean proof of Fermat's Last Theoremnumber theory / formalizationMathematicsOriginatorVerifiedMathematicsOriginatorVerified4
    Complete male fly nervous system mapped: 166,700 neurons in brain and nerve cordconnectomicsBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed3
    Vara gets CE mark for AI that reports clearly normal mammograms on its own(contested)breast cancer screening, regulationMedicineInstrumentClaimedMedicineInstrumentClaimed2
    State model predicts how cells respond to perturbations in unseen contexts(contested)virtual cell modelsBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed2
    Claude-written Lean proof: no percolation at the critical point in any dimensionprobability / percolation theoryMathematicsOriginatorVerifiedMathematicsOriginatorVerified4
    Google's Co-Scientist moves to the bench: first-try growth of 2D semiconductorsAI co-scientistsSci. of scienceCollaboratorPreprintSci. of scienceCollaboratorPreprint3
    Startup says its AI system designed and verified an AI accelerator in two weekschip designEngineeringOriginatorPreprintEngineeringOriginatorPreprint1
    FDA authorizes the first robot that draws blood without hands-on operationmedical roboticsEngineeringOriginatorReviewedEngineeringOriginatorReviewed3
    AlphaEvolve helps lower the matrix multiplication exponent to ω < 2.371177algorithms / algebraic complexityMathematicsCollaboratorPreprintMathematicsCollaboratorPreprint2
    AxiomProver formalizes in Lean that prime gaps of at most 246 recur foreveranalytic number theory / formal proofMathematicsCollaboratorVerifiedMathematicsCollaboratorVerified3
    Agent-driven hackathon re-tests a third of ICML 2026's accepted papersreproducibilitySci. of scienceInstrumentClaimedSci. of scienceInstrumentClaimed2
    Top philosophy journal publishes a paper Claude drafted almost entirelyAI authorshipSci. of scienceCollaboratorReviewedSci. of scienceCollaboratorReviewed2
    Claude proves over two thirds of zeta zeros are simple and on the critical lineanalytic number theoryMathematicsOriginatorVerifiedMathematicsOriginatorVerified4
    OpenAI internal model claims ten advances with Lean-checked proofsgroup theory, geometry, complexityMathematicsOriginatorVerifiedMathematicsOriginatorVerified4
    Claude Mythos Preview finds new attacks on HAWK signatures and 7-round AEScryptanalysisComputingOriginatorPreprintComputingOriginatorPreprint3
    AI helps specialists predict genetic causes of inherited blindness in trialophthalmology, genetic diagnosisMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    Claude Fable 5 finds a counterexample to the 1939 Jacobian conjecturealgebraic geometry / polynomial mapsMathematicsOriginatorReplicatedMathematicsOriginatorReplicated5
    OpenAI model proves the 50-year-old cycle double cover conjecturegraph theoryMathematicsOriginatorVerifiedMathematicsOriginatorVerified4
    Herculaneum scroll's surviving text virtually unrolled and read end to endpapyrology / digital humanitiesSci. of scienceInstrumentPreprintSci. of scienceInstrumentPreprint4
    Deep learning reveals a new ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac deathcardiology, risk predictionMedicineCollaboratorReviewedMedicineCollaboratorReviewed3
    Neural networks design proteins that bind two drugs, with 100% and 83% successde novo protein designBiologyCollaboratorReviewedBiologyCollaboratorReviewed3
    Active-learning lab finds 3D-printable alloys that resist heat and oxidationalloys / additive manufacturingChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed2
    Autonomous catalysis lab finds rhodium catalyst conditions 2.5 times fasterhomogeneous catalysisChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed2
    GPT-5.5 Pro helps improve the high-dimensional lattice packing boundgeometry of numbers / sphere packingMathematicsCollaboratorPreprintMathematicsCollaboratorPreprint3
    Deep learning reads plant regulatory DNA in Arabidopsis and transfers to maizeplant regulatory genomics, crop scienceBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed2
    Parisi and Zamponi prove a 2014 jamming conjecture with Claude's helpstatistical physics (jamming, glasses)PhysicsCollaboratorReviewedPhysicsCollaboratorReviewed3
    Neural network trained on one tokamak forecasts plasma bursts on anotherfusion plasma diagnosticsEnergyInstrumentReviewedEnergyInstrumentReviewed2
    Formal proof-search agents resolve 9 open Erdős problems in Leancombinatorics / formal proofMathematicsOriginatorVerifiedMathematicsOriginatorVerified3
    OpenAI model disproves Erdős's 1946 unit distance conjecturediscrete geometry / algebraic number theoryMathematicsOriginatorReplicatedMathematicsOriginatorReplicated5
    Machine-learning-designed electrolyzer channel raises current density 23%green hydrogen / electrolysisEnergyCollaboratorReviewedEnergyCollaboratorReviewed2
    AlphaEvolve cuts Spanner write amplification 20% and software size nearly 9%storage systems / compilersComputingCollaboratorClaimedComputingCollaboratorClaimed2
    Unsupervised machine learning spots foreshock patterns before large quakesseismology / earthquake forecastingEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed2
    GPT-5.4 Pro output yields new method resolving Erdős primitive-set problemsnumber theory / primitive setsMathematicsCollaboratorPreprintMathematicsCollaboratorPreprint3
    Machine learning raises use of essential medicines across Sierra Leoneglobal health, supply chainsMedicineInstrumentDeployedMedicineInstrumentDeployed3
    Pathology agent system proposes and tests its own tumour measurementscomputational pathologyMedicineOriginatorReviewedMedicineOriginatorReviewed2
    Materials agent ElementsClaw guides discovery of four new superconductorssuperconducting materialsChemistryCollaboratorPreprintChemistryCollaboratorPreprint2
    Firefox 150 ships fixes for 271 bugs found with Claude Mythos Previewvulnerability discovery / browser securityComputingOriginatorDeployedComputingOriginatorDeployed3
    Machine-learning-assisted search finds 10,091 new TESS planet candidatesexoplanetsAstronomyInstrumentReviewedAstronomyInstrumentReviewed2
    Autonomous humanoid robot runs a half marathon faster than the human recordlegged roboticsEngineeringOriginatorClaimedEngineeringOriginatorClaimed2
    AAAI-26 gives every one of 22,977 submissions an AI peer reviewpeer reviewSci. of scienceInstrumentDeployedSci. of scienceInstrumentDeployed3
    Anthropic reports Claude Mythos Preview found thousands of zero-day bugs(contested)vulnerability discovery and exploitationComputingOriginatorClaimedComputingOriginatorClaimed4
    30,000 Claude agents formalize a 500-page graduate textbook in Lean in a weekformal proof / algebraic combinatoricsMathematicsOriginatorVerifiedMathematicsOriginatorVerified3
    Hurricane center's 2025 review ranks Google DeepMind's AI model among the besttropical cyclone forecastingEarth, climateInstrumentReplicatedEarth, climateInstrumentReplicated4
    Active learning finds electrolytes that triple lithium-metal cell lifetimebatteriesEnergyCollaboratorReviewedEnergyCollaboratorReviewed2
    RAVEN machine-learning pipeline validates 118 TESS planets, 31 newly foundexoplanetsAstronomyInstrumentReviewedAstronomyInstrumentReviewed3
    AI agents run full particle-physics analyses on archived collider dataexperimental particle physicsPhysicsOriginatorPreprintPhysicsOriginatorPreprint3
    AI-assisted stroke decision support cuts repeat vascular events in 77 hospitalsneurology, stroke careMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    AI clears 64% of mammograms unread and finds more cancers, but recalls risebreast cancer screeningMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    AI agent designs a Linux-capable RISC-V CPU from a 219-word spec in 12 hourschip designEngineeringOriginatorPreprintEngineeringOriginatorPreprint2
    Google rolls out AI urban flash-flood forecasts trained on news-derived dataflood forecastingEarth, climateInstrumentDeployedEarth, climateInstrumentDeployed3
    AlphaEvolve raises lower bounds for nine classical Ramsey numberscombinatorics / Ramsey theoryMathematicsCollaboratorPreprintMathematicsCollaboratorPreprint2
    Conversational diagnostic AI AMIE talks with real patients before clinic visitsprimary care, conversational AIMedicineOriginatorReviewedMedicineOriginatorReviewed3
    Claude Opus 4.6 finds 22 Firefox vulnerabilities in two weeksvulnerability discoveryComputingOriginatorReplicatedComputingOriginatorReplicated3
    Evo 2 DNA model scores genetic variants without task-specific traininggenome language modelsBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed3
    GPT-5.2 Pro helps show single-minus graviton amplitudes are also nonzerotheoretical physics (gravity scattering amplitudes)PhysicsCollaboratorPreprintPhysicsCollaboratorPreprint2
    Machine learning on warming patterns cuts future-warming uncertainty by 70%climate projectionsEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed3
    Viazovska's sphere-packing proofs in dimensions 8 and 24 formally verifieddiscrete geometry / formalizationMathematicsCollaboratorVerifiedMathematicsCollaboratorVerified3
    Claude finds the construction for Knuth's Hamiltonian cycle problemgraph theory / combinatoricsMathematicsCollaboratorVerifiedMathematicsCollaboratorVerified2
    AI agents write and formally verify a zlib-compatible compressor in Leanformal verification of softwareComputingOriginatorVerifiedComputingOriginatorVerified3
    Over 37,000 AI agents mine 55,984 trials for what makes drug targets succeeddrug development, clinical trialsMedicineCollaboratorReviewedMedicineCollaboratorReviewed2
    AI workflow re-runs 384 political science papers to measure reproducibilityreproducibilitySci. of scienceInstrumentPreprintSci. of scienceInstrumentPreprint2
    GPT-5.2 conjectures formula showing single-minus gluon amplitudes are nonzero(contested)theoretical particle physics (scattering amplitudes)PhysicsCollaboratorPreprintPhysicsCollaboratorPreprint3
    Aletheia agent writes a research paper without human interventionarithmetic geometry / combinatoricsMathematicsOriginatorPreprintMathematicsOriginatorPreprint3
    Sixteen Claude agents write a C compiler that builds the Linux kernelcompilers / autonomous software engineeringComputingOriginatorClaimedComputingOriginatorClaimed2
    Claude Opus 4.6 finds 500+ high-severity bugs in heavily fuzzed open-source codevulnerability discovery / open-source securityComputingOriginatorClaimedComputingOriginatorClaimed3
    GPT-5 runs 36,000 lab experiments and cuts cell-free protein cost 40%autonomous laboratoriesSci. of scienceOriginatorPreprintSci. of scienceOriginatorPreprint3
    AxiomProver proves Fel's conjecture with a formal Lean proofcommutative algebra / numerical semigroupsMathematicsOriginatorVerifiedMathematicsOriginatorVerified2
    Researchers log Gemini Deep Think helping settle open problems in theoryhuman-AI research collaborationSci. of scienceCollaboratorPreprintSci. of scienceCollaboratorPreprint2
    Perseverance drives Mars routes planned by generative AI for the first timeplanetary rover operationsAstronomyOriginatorDeployedAstronomyOriginatorDeployed3
    AlphaGenome predicts regulatory effects of DNA variants from 1 million basesregulatory genomicsBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed3
    AISLE's AI analyzer credited with all 12 flaws in OpenSSL's Jan 2026 fixesvulnerability discoveryComputingOriginatorReplicatedComputingOriginatorReplicated3
    19 LLM agents and lab robots run closed-loop perovskite materials researchautonomous laboratoriesChemistryOriginatorReviewedChemistryOriginatorReviewed2
    Transformer model warns of emerging sunspot regions hours before they surfaceheliophysics / space weatherAstronomyInstrumentReviewedAstronomyInstrumentReviewed2
    LLM chatbot takes patient histories before specialist visits in randomized trialcare delivery, outpatient referralMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed2
    MASAI trial: AI-supported mammography finds more cancers, misses no morebreast cancer screeningMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed4
    LLM agent runs multistage experiments on Berkeley's Advanced Light Sourceaccelerator physics / lab automationPhysicsInstrumentReviewedPhysicsInstrumentReviewed2
    AI resolves Erdős problem #728 with a Lean proof, essentially autonomouslynumber theory / factorial divisibilityMathematicsOriginatorVerifiedMathematicsOriginatorVerified3
    Claude carries out a particle-theory calculation under a physicist's supervisiontheoretical particle physics (QCD)PhysicsCollaboratorPreprintPhysicsCollaboratorPreprint3
    Generative AI cuts X-ray dose by two-thirds in angiography-guided proceduresinterventional radiology, imagingMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    Scientists using LLMs post 24-89% more papers; polished prose loses its signalmetascienceSci. of scienceInstrumentReviewedSci. of scienceInstrumentReviewed2
    AI-read ECGs double new diagnoses of advanced liver disease in primary carehepatology, primary care screeningMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    NOAA puts AI global forecast models and a hybrid AI-physics ensemble into useoperational weather forecastingEarth, climateInstrumentDeployedEarth, climateInstrumentDeployed3
    AI search of Hubble's archive finds over 1,300 anomalies, 800 undocumentedgalaxies / archival anomaly searchAstronomyInstrumentReviewedAstronomyInstrumentReviewed2
    Machine-learning screen leads to two new kagome superconductorssuperconducting materialsChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed2
    Gemini tool checks STOC 2026 papers for proof errors before submissionpeer review / proof checkingSci. of scienceInstrumentDeployedSci. of scienceInstrumentDeployed2
    AI agent places first ahead of 804 humans in an AtCoder Heuristic Contestalgorithm engineering / optimizationComputingOriginatorReplicatedComputingOriginatorReplicated2
    GPT-5.2 Pro proves Gaussian maximum likelihood improves with more datastatistical learning theoryMathematicsOriginatorPreprintMathematicsOriginatorPreprint2
    Two computer-designed 20 kN methane rocket engines hot-fired within three weeksrocket propulsion designEngineeringOriginatorClaimedEngineeringOriginatorClaimed2
    AlphaQubit 2 decodes surface and colour quantum codes in real timequantum error correctionComputingInstrumentPreprintComputingInstrumentPreprint3
    Equational Theories Project settles all 22 million magma law implicationsuniversal algebra / formalizationMathematicsInstrumentVerifiedMathematicsInstrumentVerified3
    AI tools help pin down the exact answer to Erdős problem #1026combinatorics / monotone subsequencesMathematicsCollaboratorPreprintMathematicsCollaboratorPreprint1
    FDA qualifies its first AI drug-development tool, for liver biopsy scoringdrug development, digital pathologyMedicineInstrumentDeployedMedicineInstrumentDeployed3
    Drug flagged by an AI cell-imaging screen shrinks polyps in hereditary diseasedrug discovery, gastroenterologyMedicineCollaboratorClaimedMedicineCollaboratorClaimed2
    AxiomProver writes Lean proofs for all 12 Putnam 2025 problemscompetition mathematics / formal proofMathematicsOriginatorVerifiedMathematicsOriginatorVerified2
    Stroke AI software rollout tied to doubled thrombectomy rates in Englandneurology, stroke imagingMedicineInstrumentDeployedMedicineInstrumentDeployed3
    Aristotle proves a version of Erdős problem #124 in Lean on its own(contested)number theory / complete sequencesMathematicsOriginatorVerifiedMathematicsOriginatorVerified1
    Randomized trial: ambient AI scribes reduce clinician work exhaustion(contested)care delivery, clinical documentationMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed2
    Deep learning forecasts aftershocks in seconds with skill similar to ETASseismologyEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed2
    GPT-5 case studies include four new maths results, among them Erdős #848combinatorial number theory / multiple fieldsMathematicsCollaboratorPreprintMathematicsCollaboratorPreprint2
    Reinforcement learning sets new kissing-number records in dimensions 25 to 31discrete geometry / sphere packingMathematicsCollaboratorPreprintMathematicsCollaboratorPreprint2
    Robot model learns from its own practice, doubling throughput on hard tasksrobot learningEngineeringOriginatorPreprintEngineeringOriginatorPreprint2
    Nanosatellite performs an in-orbit attitude manoeuvre with a learned controllerspacecraft controlEngineeringOriginatorReviewedEngineeringOriginatorReviewed2
    AI control framework runs five live fusion experiments on the DIII-D tokamakfusion plasma controlEnergyInstrumentReviewedEnergyInstrumentReviewed2
    Kosmos AI scientist runs 12-hour autonomous data-driven research campaignsautonomous research agentsSci. of scienceOriginatorPreprintSci. of scienceOriginatorPreprint3
    AlphaEvolve tested on 67 problems with Tao and Gómez-Serranoanalysis, combinatorics, geometry, number theoryMathematicsCollaboratorPreprintMathematicsCollaboratorPreprint3
    Fully automated AI lifestyle coach matches human coaches for prediabetesprevention, digital therapeuticsMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed2
    Machine-discovered reinforcement learning rule beats human-designed onesmachine learning algorithmsComputingCollaboratorReviewedComputingCollaboratorReviewed3
    GPT-5 'solves' 10 Erdős problems, but had found existing solutions(contested)combinatorics / literature searchMathematicsInstrumentClaimedMathematicsInstrumentClaimed2
    27-billion-parameter cell model proposes a drug that held up in lab cellssingle-cell language models, virtual cellsBiologyCollaboratorPreprintBiologyCollaboratorPreprint2
    CodeMender agent upstreams 72 security fixes to open-source projectsautomated vulnerability repairComputingOriginatorClaimedComputingOriginatorClaimed2
    GPT-5 suggests a key proof step in a quantum complexity paperquantum complexity theoryMathematicsCollaboratorReviewedMathematicsCollaboratorReviewed2
    MIT's CRESt platform finds eight-element fuel-cell catalyst in three monthsself-driving labs / electrocatalysisChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    GPT-style model forecasts risk of over 1,000 diseases from health recordsepidemiology, risk predictionMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    AI systems reach gold-medal level at ICPC World Finals; one solves all 12competitive programmingComputingOriginatorReplicatedComputingOriginatorReplicated4
    Neural-network solvers discover unstable singularities in fluid equationspartial differential equations / fluid dynamicsMathematicsInstrumentPreprintMathematicsInstrumentPreprint3
    Gauss agent completes Lean formalization of the strong Prime Number Theoremanalytic number theory / formalizationMathematicsCollaboratorVerifiedMathematicsCollaboratorVerified3
    AI monsoon-onset forecasts reach 38 million Indian farmers by text messagesubseasonal forecasting / agricultureEarth, climateInstrumentDeployedEarth, climateInstrumentDeployed3
    LLM agents evolve SAT solvers that beat 2025 winners in the authors' testsSAT solvingComputingCollaboratorPreprintComputingCollaboratorPreprint3
    Google's ERA writes scientific software that beats expert leaderboardsautomated scientific softwareSci. of scienceCollaboratorReviewedSci. of scienceCollaboratorReviewed3
    Deep Loop Shaping cuts LIGO mirror control noise by 30 to 100 timesgravitational-wave instrumentationPhysicsInstrumentReviewedPhysicsInstrumentReviewed3
    Generative AI designs new antibiotics active against gonorrhoea and MRSAantibiotic discoveryMedicineCollaboratorReviewedMedicineCollaboratorReviewed3
    Deep-learning model forecast NIF's first fusion ignition as the likely outcomeinertial confinement fusionEnergyInstrumentReviewedEnergyInstrumentReviewed3
    DARPA AI Cyber Challenge: autonomous systems find and patch open-source bugsautomated vulnerability repairComputingOriginatorReplicatedComputingOriginatorReplicated3
    Physics-tailored machine learning uncovers unexpected forces in dusty plasmaplasma physicsPhysicsInstrumentReviewedPhysicsInstrumentReviewed2
    AI-designed OpenCRISPR-1 edits human cells, about 400 mutations from SpCas9generative design of genome editorsBiologyCollaboratorReviewedBiologyCollaboratorReviewed3
    LLM safety net cut diagnostic errors 16% in Kenyan primary-care clinics(contested)primary care, global healthMedicineInstrumentPreprintMedicineInstrumentPreprint3
    Gemini Deep Think certified at IMO gold-medal standardolympiad mathematicsMathematicsOriginatorClaimedMathematicsOriginatorClaimed4
    OpenAI experimental model scores at gold-medal level on IMO 2025olympiad mathematicsMathematicsOriginatorClaimedMathematicsOriginatorClaimed4
    Robot autonomously performs gallbladder-removal steps on 8 of 8 organssurgical roboticsEngineeringOriginatorReviewedEngineeringOriginatorReviewed3
    Robot scientist Eve, upgraded with LLM agents, finds new yeast interactionsautonomous laboratoriesSci. of scienceOriginatorReviewedSci. of scienceOriginatorReviewed2
    Microsoft's learned Skala functional beats hybrid DFT at semi-local costdensity functional theoryChemistryInstrumentPreprintChemistryInstrumentPreprint3
    Open Boltz-2 model predicts drug binding affinity near physics-based accuracy(contested)drug design / binding affinityChemistryInstrumentPreprintChemistryInstrumentPreprint3
    AI-discovered lung-fibrosis drug shows safety and early signal in phase 2adrug discovery, pulmonologyMedicineCollaboratorReviewedMedicineCollaboratorReviewed4
    OpenAI o3 finds a remote use-after-free bug in the Linux kernel's SMB servervulnerability discoveryComputingOriginatorReplicatedComputingOriginatorReplicated2
    Aurora model beats operational forecasts for air quality, waves and cyclonesEarth system forecastingEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed3
    OpenAI's o1 out-diagnoses two attending physicians on real emergency-room cases(contested)diagnostic reasoning, emergency medicineMedicineOriginatorReviewedMedicineOriginatorReviewed3
    Multi-agent AI Robin proposes ripasudil as a dry macular degeneration candidateophthalmology, automated discoveryMedicineCollaboratorReviewedMedicineCollaboratorReviewed3
    AlphaEvolve evolves code that saves compute across Google's infrastructurealgorithm discovery / systems optimizationComputingCollaboratorDeployedComputingCollaboratorDeployed4
    AlphaEvolve improves best-known results on about 20% of 50+ open problemscombinatorics, geometry, algorithmsMathematicsCollaboratorPreprintMathematicsCollaboratorPreprint4
    AI co-scientist proposes liver-fibrosis drug candidates confirmed in organoidsdrug repurposing, hepatologyMedicineCollaboratorReviewedMedicineCollaboratorReviewed2
    Peer-reviewed study: driverless Waymo cars had far fewer injury crashesautonomous driving safetyEngineeringOriginatorReviewedEngineeringOriginatorReviewed3
    Urania algorithm designs gravitational-wave detectors beating human designsgravitational-wave instrumentationPhysicsCollaboratorReviewedPhysicsCollaboratorReviewed3
    Conversational AI outperforms primary-care doctors in simulated consultationsdiagnostic dialogueMedicineOriginatorReviewedMedicineOriginatorReviewed3
    MICrONS joins activity and wiring in a cubic millimetre of mouse cortexconnectomicsBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed4
    Aardvark Weather goes from raw observations to forecasts with one AI modelweather forecastingEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed3
    Euclid's first data: AI-led search finds about 500 strong lens candidatesgravitational lensingAstronomyInstrumentReviewedAstronomyInstrumentReviewed3
    Fully AI-generated paper clears first-round review at an ICLR 2025 workshop(contested)autonomous research agentsSci. of scienceOriginatorReviewedSci. of scienceOriginatorReviewed3
    Machine learning analyses neutron-star merger signals in one secondgravitational-wave astronomyAstronomyInstrumentReviewedAstronomyInstrumentReviewed3
    ECMWF runs its machine-learning forecast model operationallyoperational weather forecastingEarth, climateInstrumentDeployedEarth, climateInstrumentDeployed4
    AI co-scientist's top hypothesis matches an unpublished, lab-confirmed mechanismAI hypothesis generationSci. of scienceCollaboratorReviewedSci. of scienceCollaboratorReviewed4
    LLM prescreening nearly doubles clinical-trial enrollment in randomized testclinical trial operationsMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed2
    ExoMiner++ vets 147,568 TESS signals and flags 7,330 planet candidatesexoplanetsAstronomyInstrumentReviewedAstronomyInstrumentReviewed2
    Deep-learning design creates working serine hydrolase enzymes from scratchenzyme design / catalysisChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    Skin-cancer AI DERM gets EU Class III mark to rule out cancer without review(contested)dermatology / regulationMedicineInstrumentDeployedMedicineInstrumentDeployed2
    ML-designed carbon nanolattices reach steel's strength at foam's densityarchitected materialsChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed2
    ESM3 generates a fluorescent protein only 58% identical to known onesgenerative protein modelsBiologyCollaboratorReviewedBiologyCollaboratorReviewed3
    MatterGen generates candidate crystals to order; one design is synthesized(contested)generative materials designChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    AI-designed proteins neutralize deadly snake venom toxins in micede novo protein therapeuticsMedicineCollaboratorReviewedMedicineCollaboratorReviewed3
    Real-world AI use in German breast screening raises cancer detection 17.6%breast cancer screeningMedicineInstrumentDeployedMedicineInstrumentDeployed3
    Deep learning designs millimetre-wave chip structures in minutes, not weekschip and RF circuit designEngineeringCollaboratorReviewedEngineeringCollaboratorReviewed2
    AI-guided altitude changes cut airline contrails 64% in randomized trialaviation climate impactEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed3
    Closed-loop ML finds hole-transport molecules for 26.2% perovskite solar cellssolar cellsEnergyCollaboratorReviewedEnergyCollaboratorReviewed3
    41-million-paper study: AI users publish more, but science's focus narrowsmetascienceSci. of scienceInstrumentReviewedSci. of scienceInstrumentReviewed2
    GenCast ensemble beats ECMWF's ensemble on 97.2% of targetsweather forecastingEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed4
    AI tool PyTheus suggests a simpler way to entangle photons that never metquantum optics / quantum networksPhysicsCollaboratorReviewedPhysicsCollaboratorReviewed3
    AlphaQubit neural decoder beats leading decoders on Google quantum hardwarequantum error correctionComputingInstrumentReviewedComputingInstrumentReviewed3
    AI-written fuzz targets find 26 bugs, incl. a likely 20-year-old OpenSSL flawfuzzing / vulnerability discoveryComputingCollaboratorReplicatedComputingCollaboratorReplicated2
    Virtual Lab of AI agents designs nanobodies against new SARS-CoV-2 variantsmulti-agent research systemsSci. of scienceCollaboratorReviewedSci. of scienceCollaboratorReviewed3
    Big Sleep AI agent finds an exploitable memory bug in SQLite before releasevulnerability discoveryComputingOriginatorReplicatedComputingOriginatorReplicated3
    PatternBoost pairs search with transformers to find extremal constructionsextremal combinatoricsMathematicsCollaboratorPreprintMathematicsCollaboratorPreprint2
    FlyWire maps all 139,255 neurons and 54.5 million synapses of a fly brainconnectomicsBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed4
    Graph foundation model ranks drug repurposing options for 17,080 diseasesdrug repurposing, rare diseaseMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    Blind study: LLM research ideas rated more novel than experts' ideas(contested)AI research ideationSci. of scienceCollaboratorReviewedSci. of scienceCollaboratorReviewed2
    ALS speech implant sustains 97.5% accuracy; follow-up synthesizes voice livebrain-computer interfaces, speech restorationMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed4
    The AI Scientist automates machine-learning research from idea to paper(contested)autonomous research agentsSci. of scienceOriginatorReviewedSci. of scienceOriginatorReviewed3
    AlphaProof and AlphaGeometry 2 reach IMO silver-medal standardolympiad mathematics / formal proofMathematicsOriginatorReviewedMathematicsOriginatorReviewed4
    NeuralGCM hybrid model matches top weather ensembles and runs decades of climateweather and climate modellingEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed3
    AI-guided polymer dielectrics store 11 times more energy at 200 °Cpolymers / capacitor dielectricsChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    AgroNT, a language model of 48 plant genomes, scores regulatory DNAplant genomics, crop scienceBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed2
    Machine learning and playbacks suggest elephants use name-like callsbioacoustics, animal cognitionBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed3
    One AI planner steers five labs to 21 state-of-the-art organic laser materialsself-driving labs / organic optoelectronicsChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    Vision transformer spots small methane leaks in free Sentinel-2 imagerygreenhouse gas monitoringEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed3
    ML-tuned magnetic fields give high fusion performance without edge burstsfusion plasma controlEnergyInstrumentReviewedEnergyInstrumentReviewed2
    H01 maps 57,000 cells and 150 million synapses of a human cortex fragmentconnectomicsBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed4
    AlphaFold 3 predicts joint structures of proteins, DNA, RNA and ligands(contested)protein structure predictionBiologyOriginatorReviewedBiologyOriginatorReviewed4
    ChemCrow agent uses 18 chemistry tools to plan and run synthesesLLM lab agentsChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    AI-ECG alerts cut 90-day deaths among hospital patients in randomized trialcardiology, hospital medicineMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed4
    AI flood forecasts in ungauged rivers match same-day warnings five days aheadhydrology / flood warningEarth, climateInstrumentDeployedEarth, climateInstrumentDeployed4
    AlphaTensor-Quantum cuts costly T gates in quantum circuitsquantum circuit optimizationComputingCollaboratorReviewedComputingCollaboratorReviewed2
    RL controller steers DIII-D fusion plasma away from tearing instabilitiesfusion plasma controlEnergyInstrumentReviewedEnergyInstrumentReviewed3
    Machine learning reads hidden text inside a sealed Herculaneum scrollpapyrology / digital humanitiesSci. of scienceInstrumentReplicatedSci. of scienceInstrumentReplicated4
    AlphaGeometry solves olympiad geometry near gold-medallist level(contested)Euclidean geometry / theorem provingMathematicsOriginatorReviewedMathematicsOriginatorReviewed3
    ML screen of 32 million candidates leads to a sodium-lithium solid electrolytebattery materials / solid electrolytesChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    Satellite AI shows 72-76% of industrial fishing vessels are not publicly trackedocean monitoringEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed3
    Closed-loop MIT platform designs, makes and tests 294 new dye-like moleculesself-driving labs / molecular discoveryChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    GPT-4-based Coscientist plans and runs chemistry experiments on lab robotsLLM lab agentsChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    Explainable deep learning uncovers a new structural class of antibioticsantibiotic discoveryMedicineCollaboratorReviewedMedicineCollaboratorReviewed3
    FunSearch uses a language model to find larger cap setsextremal combinatoricsMathematicsCollaboratorReviewedMathematicsCollaboratorReviewed3
    A-Lab robot autonomously synthesizes computer-predicted inorganic compounds(contested)self-driving labs / solid-state synthesisChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    GNoME predicts 2.2 million new inorganic crystals, about 380,000 stable(contested)inorganic crystal discoveryChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed4
    GraphCast beats the leading deterministic forecast on 90% of targetsweather forecastingEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed5
    Robotic AI chemist makes oxygen-evolution catalyst from Martian meteoritesself-driving labs / electrocatalysisChemistryInstrumentReviewedChemistryInstrumentReviewed2
    First supernova found, confirmed, classified and reported without humanstime-domain astronomyAstronomyInstrumentDeployedAstronomyInstrumentDeployed3
    GPT-4 guides chemists to a new series of metal-organic frameworksmetal-organic frameworksChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed2
    AI designs a walking robot from scratch in under 30 seconds on a laptopautomated robot designEngineeringOriginatorReviewedEngineeringOriginatorReviewed2
    AlphaMissense rates all 71 million possible missense variants(contested)variant effect predictionBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed3
    Autonomous drone Swift beats human world champions in real racesrobot learning, autonomous flightEngineeringOriginatorReviewedEngineeringOriginatorReviewed3
    Brain implants decode attempted speech at 62 and 78 words per minutebrain-computer interfaces, speech restorationMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed4
    Graph neural network helps CMS exclude zero HHVV coupling at 6.3 sigmaparticle physics (Higgs couplings)PhysicsInstrumentReviewedPhysicsInstrumentReviewed2
    Language model clears the pass mark on US medical licensing-style questionsmedical language modelsMedicineOriginatorReviewedMedicineOriginatorReviewed2
    RFdiffusion generates new protein binders, assemblies and active sitesde novo protein designBiologyCollaboratorReviewedBiologyCollaboratorReviewed4
    Pangu-Weather beats ECMWF's operational forecast in reanalysis-based testsweather forecastingEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed4
    Machine learning helps IceCube detect high-energy neutrinos from the Milky Wayneutrino astrophysicsPhysicsInstrumentReviewedPhysicsInstrumentReviewed3
    AlphaDev discovers faster sorting routines now in the LLVM C++ librarylow-level algorithms (sorting, hashing)ComputingCollaboratorDeployedComputingCollaboratorDeployed3
    Geneformer, pretrained on 30 million cells, predicts gene-network behaviour(contested)single-cell foundation modelsBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed3
    Deep learning finds abaucin, a narrow-spectrum antibiotic for A. baumanniiantibiotic discoveryMedicineCollaboratorReviewedMedicineCollaboratorReviewed3
    Machine learning sharpens the image of the M87* black holeblack hole imagingAstronomyInstrumentReviewedAstronomyInstrumentReviewed2
    AI beats sonographers at first-pass heart-function reading in blinded trialcardiac imagingMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    ESMFold builds an atlas of 617 million metagenomic protein structuresprotein structure predictionBiologyOriginatorReviewedBiologyOriginatorReviewed3
    Professional Go players make better, more novel moves after AlphaGohuman learning from AISci. of scienceCollaboratorReviewedSci. of scienceCollaboratorReviewed3
    Deep learning designs working luciferase enzymes from scratchde novo enzyme designBiologyCollaboratorReviewedBiologyCollaboratorReviewed3
    Deep learning search of 820 stars turns up eight new SETI signals of interestSETI / radio astronomyAstronomyInstrumentReviewedAstronomyInstrumentReviewed2
    AlphaFold structure used to find a drug hit for a target with no lab structurestructure-based drug discoveryMedicineCollaboratorReviewedMedicineCollaboratorReviewed2
    Active learning finds two high-entropy Invar alloys with very low expansionalloys / high-entropy alloysChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    AlphaTensor finds faster matrix multiplication algorithmsalgorithm discovery (matrix multiplication)ComputingCollaboratorReviewedComputingCollaboratorReviewed4
    ProteinMPNN designs sequences that rescue previously failed protein designsde novo protein designBiologyCollaboratorReviewedBiologyCollaboratorReviewed3
    AlphaFold database grows from under a million to 214 million structuresprotein structure predictionBiologyOriginatorDeployedBiologyOriginatorDeployed4
    Deployed AI sepsis alert linked to fewer deaths across five hospitals(contested)critical care, sepsisMedicineInstrumentDeployedMedicineInstrumentDeployed3
    Machine-learning-guided enzyme breaks down PET from 51 waste products in a week(contested)enzyme engineering / plastic recyclingChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    Machine-learning experiments uncover 'murmurations' in elliptic curvesnumber theory / elliptic curvesMathematicsInstrumentReviewedMathematicsInstrumentReviewed3
    AI dates pregnancies from novices' ultrasound sweeps as well as sonographersobstetric ultrasound / global healthMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    Machine learning on phone data targets Togo's COVID-19 cash aid to the poorestdevelopment economics / social protectionSci. of scienceInstrumentDeployedSci. of scienceInstrumentDeployed3
    FourCastNet produces a week-long global forecast in under two secondsweather forecastingEarth, climateInstrumentPreprintEarth, climateInstrumentPreprint3
    Reinforcement learning controls and shapes fusion plasma in the TCV tokamakfusion plasma controlEnergyInstrumentReviewedEnergyInstrumentReviewed4
    MuZero learns video compression control used on YouTube trafficvideo compressionComputingInstrumentDeployedComputingInstrumentDeployed2
    AlphaCode writes programs at median human level in coding contestsprogram synthesisComputingOriginatorReviewedComputingOriginatorReviewed3
    DeepMind's DM21 neural functional tackles fractional-electron errors in DFT(contested)density functional theoryChemistryInstrumentReviewedChemistryInstrumentReviewed3
    Reinforcement learning designs smaller adder circuits used in NVIDIA Hopper GPUsarithmetic circuit designComputingCollaboratorDeployedComputingCollaboratorDeployed3
    ML guides mathematicians to new results in knot and representation theory(contested)knot theory / representation theoryMathematicsCollaboratorReviewedMathematicsCollaboratorReviewed3
    AI-designed shape extends a new kind of self-replication in frog-cell organismsAI-designed organismsEngineeringCollaboratorReviewedEngineeringCollaboratorReviewed2
    ExoMiner deep learning model validates 301 new Kepler exoplanetsexoplanetsAstronomyInstrumentReviewedAstronomyInstrumentReviewed3
    Generative model of radar gives rain forecasts experts prefer 89% of the timeweather nowcastingEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed3
    FDA authorizes Paige Prostate, AI that flags likely cancer on biopsy slidesdigital pathologyMedicineInstrumentDeployedMedicineInstrumentDeployed3
    RoseTTAFold, a three-track network, nears AlphaFold 2 accuracyprotein structure predictionBiologyOriginatorReviewedBiologyOriginatorReviewed3
    Reinforcement learning lays out chip floorplans used in Google TPUs(contested)chip design (macro placement)ComputingCollaboratorReviewedComputingCollaboratorReviewed3
    AI-read ECGs raise detection of weak heart pumping in a randomized trialcardiology, primary careMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    Reinforcement learning finds counterexamples to combinatorics conjecturesextremal combinatorics / graph theoryMathematicsCollaboratorPreprintMathematicsCollaboratorPreprint2
    WHO recommends AI chest X-ray reading for tuberculosis screeningglobal health, tuberculosisMedicineInstrumentDeployedMedicineInstrumentDeployed4
    Volunteers and Bayesian neural networks measure shapes of 314,000 galaxiesgalaxy morphologyAstronomyInstrumentReviewedAstronomyInstrumentReviewed2
    Ramanujan Machine algorithms conjecture new formulas for fundamental constantsnumber theory / continued fractionsMathematicsCollaboratorReviewedMathematicsCollaboratorReviewed2
    BirdNET neural network identifies 984 bird species by soundbioacoustics, biodiversity monitoringBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed2
    Machine-learned inlining and register-allocation policies ship in LLVMcompilersComputingInstrumentDeployedComputingInstrumentDeployed2
    AlphaFold 2 reaches near-experimental accuracy at CASP14protein structure predictionBiologyOriginatorReviewedBiologyOriginatorReviewed5
    Deep-learning potentials simulate 100 million atoms at ab initio accuracymolecular dynamics / high-performance computingChemistryInstrumentReviewedChemistryInstrumentReviewed3
    Deep learning counts 1.8 billion trees in the West African Sahara and Sahelland cover / ecologyEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed3
    Synthesis-planning software designs working routes to complex natural productsretrosynthesis planningChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    Neural-network wavefunctions give near-exact energies for small moleculesquantum chemistry / quantum Monte CarloChemistryInstrumentReviewedChemistryInstrumentReviewed3
    Janelia and Google map about 25,000 neurons of the fly central brainconnectomicsBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed3
    Earthquake Transformer detects twice as many quakes with a third of the stationsseismologyEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed3
    Mobile robot chemist runs 688 experiments in 8 days to improve a photocatalystself-driving labs / photocatalysisChemistryInstrumentReviewedChemistryInstrumentReviewed3
    Active learning finds Cu-Al catalyst that turns CO2 into ethylene efficientlyelectrocatalysis / CO2 reductionChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    Real-time AI polyp detection raises adenoma detection in colonoscopy trial(contested)gastroenterology, cancer preventionMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    AI Feynman recovers all 100 Feynman Lectures equations from datasymbolic regression / law discoveryPhysicsInstrumentReviewedPhysicsInstrumentReviewed3
    Deep learning finds halicin, an antibiotic unlike known antibiotic classesantibiotic discoveryMedicineCollaboratorReviewedMedicineCollaboratorReviewed4
    Closed-loop ML finds long-life battery fast-charging protocols in 16 dayslithium-ion batteriesEnergyInstrumentReviewedEnergyInstrumentReviewed3
    AI knowledge graph flags baricitinib for COVID-19; later trials confirm benefitdrug repurposing, infectious diseaseMedicineCollaboratorReplicatedMedicineCollaboratorReplicated4
    First AI-designed drug candidate (DSP-1181) enters human trialsdrug designMedicineCollaboratorClaimedMedicineCollaboratorClaimed2
    AI-designed living machines built from frog cells (xenobots)AI-designed organismsEngineeringCollaboratorReviewedEngineeringCollaboratorReviewed3
    Robot hand trained only in simulation manipulates a Rubik's Cube to solutionrobot learning, dexterous manipulationEngineeringOriginatorPreprintEngineeringOriginatorPreprint2
    Deep learning forecasts El Niño up to 18 months aheadseasonal climate predictionEarth, climateInstrumentReviewedEarth, climateInstrumentReviewed3
    Deep learning predicts fusion plasma disruptions, including across machinesfusion plasma disruption predictionEnergyInstrumentReviewedEnergyInstrumentReviewed3
    Neural-network forecasts raise value of Google's wind power by about 20%renewable energy forecastingEnergyInstrumentClaimedEnergyInstrumentClaimed2
    SpliceAI reads RNA sequence to flag hidden splice-altering mutationsgenomics, variant interpretationBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed3
    AlphaFold wins CASP13 on hard targets: 24 of 43 at TM-score 0.7 or moreprotein structure predictionBiologyOriginatorReviewedBiologyOriginatorReviewed4
    DeepVariant uses a neural network to call genome variants from read imagesgenomics, variant callingBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed3
    Neural network finds 72 missed pulses from repeating fast radio burst FRB 121102radio transientsAstronomyInstrumentReviewedAstronomyInstrumentReviewed2
    Machine learning helps ATLAS and CMS observe Higgs decay to bottom quarksparticle physics (Higgs boson)PhysicsInstrumentReviewedPhysicsInstrumentReviewed3
    Deep learning identifies wildlife in 3.2 million camera-trap imagesecology, camera-trap species identificationBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed3
    Machine learning plus fast experiments find new metallic-glass systemsalloys / metallic glassesChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed2
    FDA authorizes first autonomous AI diagnostic system (diabetic eye disease)ophthalmology screeningMedicineInstrumentDeployedMedicineInstrumentDeployed4
    Deep networks plus tree search plan syntheses chemists rate equal to publishedretrosynthesis planningChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed4
    Computer-planned syntheses of eight medicinal targets all succeed in the labretrosynthesis planningChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    Neural network finds new planets around Kepler-90 and Kepler-80exoplanetsAstronomyInstrumentReviewedAstronomyInstrumentReviewed3
    AlphaZero learns chess, shogi and Go from scratch and beats top enginesreinforcement learning / game playingComputingOriginatorReviewedComputingOriginatorReviewed3
    Learned models stand in for B-tree indexes, with faster lookups in tests(contested)databases / data structuresComputingInstrumentReviewedComputingInstrumentReviewed3
    AlphaGo Zero masters Go from self-play alone and beats AlphaGo 100-0reinforcement learning / game playingComputingOriginatorReviewedComputingOriginatorReviewed4
    AEGIS lets the Curiosity rover pick its own laser targets on Marsplanetary rover autonomyAstronomyInstrumentDeployedAstronomyInstrumentDeployed3
    Neural networks used to represent quantum many-body wavefunctionsquantum many-body physicsPhysicsInstrumentReviewedPhysicsInstrumentReviewed4
    Neural network classifies skin cancer on par with 21 dermatologistsdermatology / medical imagingMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed3
    Deep learning detects diabetic eye disease in photos at eye-doctor levelophthalmology / medical imagingMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed4
    ML-aided virtual screen of 1.6 million molecules finds efficient OLED emittersorganic electronics / virtual screeningChemistryInstrumentReviewedChemistryInstrumentReviewed3
    Machine learning cuts energy used to cool a Google data centre by up to 40%data-centre efficiencyEnergyInstrumentDeployedEnergyInstrumentDeployed2
    SAT solver settles the Boolean Pythagorean triples problemRamsey theory / SAT solvingMathematicsInstrumentReviewedMathematicsInstrumentReviewed2
    AlphaGo's move 37 surprises Go experts and helps beat Lee Sedolgame-playing AI / machine creativityComputingOriginatorReviewedComputingOriginatorReviewed4
    Algorithm Melvin designs quantum optics experiments that humans had not foundquantum opticsPhysicsCollaboratorReviewedPhysicsCollaboratorReviewed3
    Robot scientist Eve automates drug screening and finds antimalarial leadsdrug repositioning, lab automationMedicineCollaboratorReviewedMedicineCollaboratorReviewed2
    Flyspeck completes a formal proof of the Kepler sphere-packing conjecturediscrete geometry / formal verificationMathematicsInstrumentVerifiedMathematicsInstrumentVerified3
    Machine-learned classifiers help ATLAS and CMS discover the Higgs bosonparticle physics (Higgs boson)PhysicsInstrumentReviewedPhysicsInstrumentReviewed3
    Robot scientist Adam autonomously discovers gene functions in yeastautomated hypothesis and experimentSci. of scienceOriginatorReviewedSci. of scienceOriginatorReviewed4
    Symbolic regression distils physical laws from raw motion data(contested)automated law discovery / symbolic regressionPhysicsInstrumentReviewedPhysicsInstrumentReviewed3
    Neural networks and decision trees help Tevatron observe single top quarksparticle physics (top quark)PhysicsInstrumentReviewedPhysicsInstrumentReviewed2
    Checkers solved: perfect play by both sides is a drawgame solving / searchComputingInstrumentReviewedComputingInstrumentReviewed3
    Neural-network potentials give DFT-level forces far faster than DFTmachine-learned interatomic potentialsChemistryInstrumentReviewedChemistryInstrumentReviewed4
    Computer-evolved antenna flies on NASA's ST5, first evolved hardware in spaceantenna designEngineeringOriginatorDeployedEngineeringOriginatorDeployed3
    Stanford's Stanley wins the DARPA Grand Challenge desert race without a driverautonomous vehiclesEngineeringOriginatorReviewedEngineeringOriginatorReviewed4
    Rosetta designs Top7, a protein with a fold not seen in naturecomputational protein design (pre-deep-learning)BiologyCollaboratorReviewedBiologyCollaboratorReviewed4
    Golem project evolves robot bodies and brains in simulation, then prints themevolutionary roboticsEngineeringOriginatorReviewedEngineeringOriginatorReviewed2
    Remote Agent AI takes command of NASA's Deep Space 1 spacecraftspacecraft autonomyAstronomyOriginatorDeployedAstronomyOriginatorDeployed3
    EQP automated prover proves the Robbins conjectureBoolean algebra / automated reasoningMathematicsOriginatorReviewedMathematicsOriginatorReviewed3
    Neural networks learn protein secondary structure, reaching 78% by 1999protein structure predictionBiologyInstrumentReviewedBiologyInstrumentReviewed3
    Graffiti program's conjecture proved: average distance ≤ independence numbergraph theory / automated conjecturingMathematicsCollaboratorReviewedMathematicsCollaboratorReviewed3
    PROSPECTOR expert system locates hidden ore-grade molybdenum at Mount Tolmanmineral exploration / expert systemsEarth, climateCollaboratorReviewedEarth, climateCollaboratorReviewed3
    INTERNIST-1 expert system tackles hard diagnostic cases in internal medicineclinical decision support / expert systemsMedicineInstrumentReviewedMedicineInstrumentReviewed2
    BACON program rediscovers Kepler's third law and other laws from datacomputational scientific discoverySci. of scienceInstrumentReviewedSci. of scienceInstrumentReviewed2
    Four Colour Theorem becomes the first major computer-assisted proofgraph theory / computer-assisted proofMathematicsInstrumentVerifiedMathematicsInstrumentVerified4
    Corey and Wipke's OCSS program plans organic syntheses by computersynthesis planning / retrosynthesisChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed3
    DENDRAL program infers molecular structures from mass spectrastructure elucidation / expert systemsChemistryCollaboratorReviewedChemistryCollaboratorReviewed4

    03//Two patterns

    Drawn from your filtered view

    What the record shows, so far.

    Both charts follow the filters above, so you can ask the same questions of one field. Read them as a description of what we have recorded, not of all science: recent years are logged in more detail.

    AI is doing more of the work itself.

    In 1965–2015, AI was only a tool (instrument) in 45% of the milestones we record, and produced the result itself (originator) in 27%. In 2026 so far, those shares are 30% and 36%.

    How to read: each bar is one period and adds up to 100%. Gold is the share where AI was a tool, cyan the share where it produced the result. Point at a segment for its count.

    • Instrument
    • Collaborator
    • Originator
    INSTRUMENTORIGINATORN0%25%50%75%100%1965–201545%27%222016–1967%19%272020–2156%6%322022–2345%14%42202451%14%35202541%25%80202630%36%103
    Source: data/ledger.json, 341 of 341 milestones.
    Show the numbers
    Milestones by AI role and period
    PeriodMilestonesInstrumentCollaboratorOriginator
    1965–20152210 (45%)6 (27%)6 (27%)
    2016–192718 (67%)4 (15%)5 (19%)
    2020–213218 (56%)12 (38%)2 (6%)
    2022–234219 (45%)17 (40%)6 (14%)
    20243518 (51%)12 (34%)5 (14%)
    20258033 (41%)27 (34%)20 (25%)
    2026 (to 14 Oct 2026)10331 (30%)35 (34%)37 (36%)

    In 2026 so far, more results are machine-checked, and more are not yet checked at all.

    In 2026 so far, 20% of milestones were formally verified (3% across 1965–2025) and 36% were still only preprints or claims (11% before). The share peer reviewed, deployed or replicated went from 86% to 44%.

    How to read: each bar adds up to 100%; darker means firmer evidence, from claimed (rung 1) to formally verified (rung 5). Point at a segment for its count.

    • 5 Verified
    • 4 Replicated
    • 3 Reviewed, deployed
    • 2 Preprint
    • 1 Claimed
    VERIFIEDUNREVIEWEDN0%25%50%75%100%1965–20159%0%222016–190%7%272020–210%6%322022–230%2%4220240%3%3520255%26%80202620%36%103
    Source: data/ledger.json, 341 of 341 milestones. Unreviewed = preprint or claimed. 31 contested milestones are counted at their rung.
    Show the numbers
    Milestones by evidence rung, per period
    PeriodMilestones5 Formally verified4 Independently replicated3 Peer reviewed or deployed2 Preprint1 ClaimedContested
    1965–2015222 (9%)0 (0%)20 (91%)0 (0%)0 (0%)1
    2016–19270 (0%)0 (0%)25 (93%)1 (4%)1 (4%)1
    2020–21320 (0%)1 (3%)29 (91%)1 (3%)1 (3%)4
    2022–23420 (0%)0 (0%)41 (98%)1 (2%)0 (0%)6
    2024350 (0%)3 (9%)31 (89%)1 (3%)0 (0%)4
    2025804 (5%)4 (5%)51 (64%)15 (19%)6 (8%)9
    2026 (to 14 Oct 2026)10321 (20%)5 (5%)40 (39%)25 (24%)12 (12%)6

    Caveat: roles, rungs and significance are editorial judgements made under the rules in the schema. Periods before 2016 hold few entries for their length. When your filters leave a bar with fewer than 10 milestones, it is starred and drawn faint.

    04//Keeping the record

    Open to additions and corrections

    How an entry gets in, and how to add one.

    1. Find a result and a source

      Something that became public, with a link anyone can open: a paper, a preprint, a repository, an official announcement. AI must have done part of the work.

    2. Write it as one entry

      Plain words, a summary of at most 60 words, what it changed (before and after), the AI systems and the people or organisations involved, and the sources.

    3. Label it honestly

      One AI role, one rung of evidence, contested or not, with a note saying why, and a significance from 1 to 5.

    4. Let the gate check it

      Before anything is published, scripts/check_site.py checks every entry against the schema: required parts, lengths, dates that are not in the future, secure source links, a note for every contested entry, and date order.

    Propose an entry Edit ledger.json on GitHub

    An issue needs only the result and one source. A pull request adds the entry to docs/data/ledger.json itself, in date order. Spotted an error? Report it the same way.

    Every part of an entry, in plain words

    id
    A short permanent name; also this page’s link to the entry, as in ledger/#alphago-move-37.
    date, date_basis
    When the result became public, and how: publication, preprint, announcement, competition or deployment.
    domain, subfield
    The field (one of eleven) and a finer label.
    summary
    What happened, in at most 60 words.
    before_after
    The measure that moved, its value before and after. Left empty when there is no single measure.
    why_it_matters
    One or two sentences, at most 40 words.
    ai_systems, organizations
    Which programs did the machine’s part, and who the people were.
    ai_role
    Instrument, collaborator or originator.
    evidence
    Formally verified, independently replicated, peer reviewed, deployed, preprint or claimed.
    contested, contested_note
    Whether the result is publicly disputed, and the note that says by whom and why. The note also holds caveats.
    significance
    1 to 5, an editorial judgement.
    sources
    One to four links, all https.
    foundation0, page
    True for founding members’ work or work Aska Digital contributed to, and the Foundation0 page about it, if there is one.